<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Permissions on Madhusudan Upadhyay — ICT Support Executive | Microsoft 365 &amp; Endpoint Management</title><link>https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/tags/permissions/</link><description>Recent content in Permissions on Madhusudan Upadhyay — ICT Support Executive | Microsoft 365 &amp; Endpoint Management</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/tags/permissions/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>OneDrive on Web Part 3: Permissions, Sharing, Storage</title><link>https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/onedrive-for-business-web-part3/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/onedrive-for-business-web-part3/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This article is part of a series.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/onedrive-for-business-web-part1/"&gt;Part 1: Getting Started&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/onedrive-for-business-web-part2/"&gt;Part 2: Advanced Features&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Part 3: This Article&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/onedrive-for-business-web-part4/"&gt;Part 4: Desktop Client Setup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id="how-to-remove-permission-from-shared-file-and-folder-for-all-shared-person"&gt;How To Remove Permission From Shared File And Folder For All Shared Person?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Move your cursor to the file/folder to be shared&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Click on &lt;strong&gt;Three dots&lt;/strong&gt; (•••) and click &lt;strong&gt;Manage Access&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Click &lt;strong&gt;Stop Sharing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Confirm by clicking &lt;strong&gt;Stop Sharing&lt;/strong&gt; again&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h2 id="how-to-remove-permission-from-shared-file-and-folder-individual-user"&gt;How To Remove Permission From Shared File And Folder? (Individual User)&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Move your cursor to the file/folder&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Click on &lt;strong&gt;Three dots&lt;/strong&gt; (•••) and click &lt;strong&gt;Manage Access&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Go to &lt;strong&gt;Links Giving Access&lt;/strong&gt; section&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Click on the &lt;strong&gt;user icon&lt;/strong&gt; (just below &amp;ldquo;People you can specify can edit&amp;rdquo;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Click &lt;strong&gt;Remove&lt;/strong&gt; button (X)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Confirm &lt;strong&gt;Remove&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h2 id="how-to-delete-files-and-folder-on-onedrive-web"&gt;How To Delete Files And Folder On OneDrive Web?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Select files/folders to delete&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Click &lt;strong&gt;Delete&lt;/strong&gt; (top of page) OR click &lt;strong&gt;Three dots&lt;/strong&gt; → &lt;strong&gt;Delete&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Confirm &lt;strong&gt;Delete&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: Deleted items move to &lt;strong&gt;Recycle Bin&lt;/strong&gt;, retained for &lt;strong&gt;90 days&lt;/strong&gt; only.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Introduction to Linux File Systems</title><link>https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/linux-file-systems/</link><pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/linux-file-systems/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This article is part of a series.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/creating-bootable-usb-windows11/"&gt;Part 1: How to Create Bootable USB? Windows and Linux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Part 2: This Article&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://madhusudanupadhyay.com.np/knowledge/linux-system-configuration-log-files/"&gt;Part 3: Linux System Configuration and Log Files&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id="linux-file-system-hierarchy-fhs"&gt;Linux File System Hierarchy (FHS)&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre tabindex="0" style="color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"&gt;&lt;code class="language-gdscript3" data-lang="gdscript3"&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; (root)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;bin &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Essential user binaries (ls, cp, mv)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;boot &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Kernel, initramfs, GRUB
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;dev &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Device files (sda, tty, null)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;etc &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; System configuration files
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;home &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; User home directories
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;lib &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Shared libraries &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;bin, &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;sbin
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;media &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Mount points &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; removable media
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;mnt &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Temporary mount points
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;opt &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Optional&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;add&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;on software
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;proc &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Virtual filesystem (kernel info)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;root &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Root user home directory
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;run &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Runtime variable data
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;sbin &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; System binaries (fsck, reboot, ip)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;srv &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Data &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; services (web, ftp)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;sys &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Virtual filesystem (kernel devices)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;tmp &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Temporary files (cleared on reboot)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;usr &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; User programs (read&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;only, shareable)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;│&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;usr&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;bin &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Non&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;essential binaries
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;│&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;usr&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;lib &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Libraries &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;usr&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;bin
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;│&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;usr&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;local &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Locally compiled software
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;│&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;└──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;usr&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;share &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Architecture&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;independent data
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;└──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Variable data (logs, spool, cache)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;log &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; System logs
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;├──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;spool &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Print&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;mail queues
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;└──&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;var&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;cache &lt;span style="color:#f85149"&gt;→&lt;/span&gt; Application caches
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id="common-linux-file-systems"&gt;Common Linux File Systems&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id="ext4-fourth-extended-default-for-most-distros"&gt;ext4 (Fourth Extended): &lt;strong&gt;Default for Most Distros&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Feature&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Details&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Max file size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;16 TB&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Max volume size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;1 EB&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Journaling&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Yes (metadata + optional data)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Backward compatible&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;ext2, ext3&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Defragmentation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Online (&lt;code&gt;e4defrag&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;General purpose, SSDs, HDDs&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre tabindex="0" style="color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"&gt;&lt;code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Create ext4&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX1
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Check/repair&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sdX1
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Tune&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;tune2fs -l /dev/sdX1
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 id="xfs-high-performance-large-files"&gt;XFS: &lt;strong&gt;High Performance, Large Files&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Feature&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Details&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Max file size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;8 EB&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Max volume size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;8 EB&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Journaling&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Yes (metadata only)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Parallel I/O&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Excellent&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Online grow&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Yes (&lt;code&gt;xfs_growfs&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Online shrink&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;❌ Not supported&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Large storage, media, databases, RHEL default&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre tabindex="0" style="color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"&gt;&lt;code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Create XFS&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;mkfs.xfs /dev/sdX1
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Grow (online, mounted)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;xfs_growfs /mount/point
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Check&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;xfs_repair /dev/sdX1
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 id="btrfs-modern-feature-rich"&gt;Btrfs: &lt;strong&gt;Modern, Feature-Rich&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Feature&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Details&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Max file size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;16 EB&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Max volume size&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;16 EB&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copy-on-Write&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Yes&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Snapshots&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Native, instant&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Compression&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;zstd, lzo, zlib&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RAID&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Native (0,1,10,5,6)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Self-healing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Checksums + redundant copies&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Best for&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Advanced users, snapshots, Fedora default&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre tabindex="0" style="color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"&gt;&lt;code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Create Btrfs&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;mkfs.btrfs /dev/sdX1
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Snapshot (instant)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;btrfs subvolume snapshot /source /snapshots/backup-&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;$(&lt;/span&gt;date +%F&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Compress&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;mount -o &lt;span style="color:#79c0ff"&gt;compress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff7b72;font-weight:bold"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;zstd /dev/sdX1 /mnt
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 id="other-file-systems"&gt;Other File Systems&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;FS&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Use Case&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FAT32&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;USB drives, cross-platform (max 4GB file)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;exFAT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Large USB/SD cards, cross-platform&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NTFS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Windows dual-boot (read/write via &lt;code&gt;ntfs-3g&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ZFS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Enterprise, data integrity (separate kernel module)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JFS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Legacy, low CPU overhead&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ReiserFS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Legacy, small files&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h2 id="disk--partition-management"&gt;Disk &amp;amp; Partition Management&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id="view-disks"&gt;View Disks&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre tabindex="0" style="color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"&gt;&lt;code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;lsblk &lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Tree view&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;lsblk -f &lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# With filesystem info&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;fdisk -l &lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# Partition tables&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;parted -l &lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# GPT/MBR details&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 id="partitioning-fdiskparted"&gt;Partitioning (fdisk/parted)&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre tabindex="0" style="color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;"&gt;&lt;code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# MBR (legacy BIOS)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;fdisk /dev/sdX
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#8b949e;font-style:italic"&gt;# GPT (UEFI)&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;parted /dev/sdX mklabel gpt
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="display:flex;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;parted /dev/sdX mkpart primary ext4 1MiB 100%
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 id="common-partition-schemes"&gt;Common Partition Schemes&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
 &lt;thead&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Scheme&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Boot Mode&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;th&gt;Partitions&lt;/th&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/thead&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;MBR&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Legacy BIOS&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;Up to 4 primary (or 3 primary + extended)&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GPT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;UEFI&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;td&gt;128+ partitions, &amp;gt;2TB disks&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Typical Linux Layout (GPT/UEFI):&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>